The Struggle Was Real Mac OS

The Apple Real-time Operating System Environment (A/ROSE) was a small embedded operating system which ran on the Macintosh Coprocessor Platform, an expansion card for the Macintosh. The idea was to offer a single 'overdesigned' hardware platform on which third-party vendors could build practically any product, reducing the otherwise heavy workload of developing a NuBus -based expansion card. Installing Real-Time Monitoring Tool on Mac OS Catalina I found an article on installing the RTMT on a Mac, essentially using the Linux version. However I am running into an issue that I'm wondering if anyone has seen before. MAC OS Is Infected' pop-up scam: WARNING! MAC OS is infected with Viruses and other malicious applications. Viruses must be removed and system damage repaired. It is necessary to Call Apple Support 1-844-658-5859 and follow Virus removal procedure immediately, please proceed. If you leave this site your Mac OS will remain damaged.

The

When the world got its first glimpse of Mac OS X six months ago with the release of the Mac OS X beta, cheers erupted across the Internet . . . but not from who you might have expected. While the response from the Macintosh community was muted and many of the Apple faithful greeted OS X with trepidation, hard-core Unix geeks were thrilled. Looking past the candy-colored GUI, command-line partisans could find a solid Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix implementation, complete with everything they’ve come to expect from a “real” multiuser, multitasking operating system. Suddenly, old-time hacks could count Mac OS among their favored few.

The changes made to OS X since the beta will only reinforce that enthusiasm. While users familiar with more mainstream Unix implementations face a handful of interface oddities, the heart of the system they know and love beats proudly underneath Apple’s shiny, polished skin.

The most obvious change since the beta is the inclusion of a whole range of traditional Unix development tools. Apple has done the Right Thing with OS X and shipped a C/C++ compiler, preprocessor, make, and debugger — all are either direct compiles of, or tweaks “based on,” the GNU versions of the programs. More obscure tools like yacc and lex have also made the cut, along with the must-have configuration management system CVS and the less useful but still popular RCS. These applications are important because they open a whole world of freely available software to OS X, right out of the box — everything from heavy-duty relational databases to housekeeping and system administration tools. Apple has honored a fundamental tenant of the Unix Way: If you’ve got a compiler, you’ve got everything.

For instance, the current version of MySQL — a popular (and enormous) implementation of most of the SQL spec — compiles on the final release of Mac OS X almost flawlessly. (There is one miscast assignment, and it can be corrected with a three-character change.) The database exercises a whole range of system features, including the C++ compiler, threading, and forking, and with the exception of the database replication tests, it all works perfectly. Why would you want a gigabyte-capable database on your desktop Mac? Why not? The possibilities are breathtaking, and suddenly open to the entire Mac community. In the Unix world, MySQL is used for everything from the simple storage of massive lists to dynamic Web serving, when the database is combined with the PHP language and the Apache Web server (both of which, handily, ship with OS X). The applications are endless.

Another example is Samba, a Unix implementation of Windows’ SMB protocol. It allows Windows workstations to use Unix boxes — and, now, Mac OS X boxes — as file and print servers. Half a million lines of Samba code compile without a single error on OS X. In fact, the only modification needed was in the configuration script, to tell it that “Darwin” is the equivalent of “FreeBSD.”

This last point is significant because the operating system is a little schizophrenic about how it identifies itself — variously labeling the machine as either “Darwin” (Apple’s name for the nongraphical core of OS X) or “Mac OS X.” For example, the make program claims to have been created for “powerpc-apple-darwin1.0,” while the debugger was targeted to “powerpc-apple-macos10.” The uname command offers “Darwin” as the OS flavor and after an inevitable shake-out period, that will probably emerge as the consistent standard.

Mac OS X even includes a few neat tricks of its own, over and above what other popular Unix and Unix-like operating systems manage. The whole notion of bundled Frameworks — used to store multiple versions of shared libraries — is a clever improvement on the chaos that usually reigns after a system upgrade. By preserving older versions of the libraries, and in a much more coherent form than the Unix tradition allows, the OS becomes far more stable over time. OS X makes good use of these ideas to maintain its Java installation, for instance, while still providing the software in their standard Unix directories through symbolic links.

Another neat toy is the ability to invisibly use WebDAV URIs as filesystems, via the mount command. Using Web resources as storage space is old hat for Mac users, but it’s not a widespread practice on the Unix side of the fence.

This only reinforces the fact that OS X is a Macintosh operating system, first and foremost, and that Unix users will need to adapt to some oddities. In an effort to wedge some alien concepts into the Macintosh universe, Apple has made a few compromises to the purity of OS X’s Unix nature.

For instance, the most immediate difference between the operating system and true Unix is the presence of dozens of unexpected system directories, many more than in the beta, each with capitalized and whitespace-littered names. In addition to the familiar /etc and /dev and /tmp, Mac OS X offers /Users and /Volumes and /System and many, many others. These latter ones are Mac-centric folders, of course — including the whole bestiary of Bundles and other OS X-specific hoo-ha. And while they don’t reflect the traditional Unix filesystem structure (indeed, they supersede it in some cases), the purpose and function of each is pretty obvious, even to the uninitiated. Having to put quotes around filenames with spaces in them from the shell can take some practice, but preserving capitalization turns out not to be a problem: the OS X’s default filesystem is case-insensitive.

Struggle

The Struggle Was Real Mac Os X

And that is another startling difference between what OS X provides and what Unix users expect — /users is /Users is /USERS, makefile is Makefile is MAKEFILE. Under HFS+, names created with a specific capitalization have their appearance preserved, but any combination of upper- and lowercase can be used when referencing them. This has the potential to drive Unix users batty, as case-sensitivity has been a part of every significant Unix filesystem since the OS was created in 1969. Windows’ default, NTFS, presents the same behavior as OS X (to retain backward compatibility with MS-DOS) and HFS+ feels just as awkward to the Unix sensibility.

And finally, a few of the applications shipped with OS X are less powerful than what is commonly available elsewhere. The nvi implementation of the vi text editor has been included, for example, instead of the more powerful vim. It’s a simple matter to download and compile vim, of course — you can do things like that when you’re running Unix — but why should you have to?

Customizing Unix applications is a relatively insignificant issue. Apple’s primary goal was to design an operating system for Mac users, and by all accounts they have succeeded wildly. All the underlying functionality of Unix — all the important bits — are present and accounted for, and the result is far and away the best Mac OS ever. The system provides every feature and functionality a Unix programmer could want, and provides all of it through a comfortable, well-worn API. Not only does this instantly offer Mac OS thousands of BSD-compatible programs (including some best-of-class offerings) but also lays the groundwork for a new and powerful generation of Mac-specific programs.

The Unix geeks have been mouthing the same line for twenty years now: that their OS honestly does make better programs — more flexible, more powerful, more robust. Macintosh users are about to find out just how right they are.

Discuss this story and other Mac OS X items in our Mac OS X Forums.

To use a keyboard shortcut, press and hold one or more modifier keys and then press the last key of the shortcut. For example, to use Command-C (copy), press and hold the Command key, then the C key, then release both keys. Mac menus and keyboards often use symbols for certain keys, including modifier keys:


On keyboards made for Windows PCs, use the Alt key instead of Option, and the Windows logo key instead of Command.

Some keys on some Apple keyboards have special symbols and functions, such as for display brightness , keyboard brightness , Mission Control, and more. If these functions aren't available on your keyboard, you might be able to reproduce some of them by creating your own keyboard shortcuts. To use these keys as F1, F2, F3, or other standard function keys, combine them with the Fn key.

Cut, copy, paste, and other common shortcuts

  • Command-X: Cut the selected item and copy it to the Clipboard.
  • Command-C: Copy the selected item to the Clipboard. This also works for files in the Finder.
  • Command-V: Paste the contents of the Clipboard into the current document or app. This also works for files in the Finder.
  • Command-Z: Undo the previous command. You can then press Shift-Command-Z to Redo, reversing the undo command. In some apps, you can undo and redo multiple commands.
  • Command-A: Select All items.
  • Command-F: Find items in a document or open a Find window.
  • Command-G: Find Again: Find the next occurrence of the item previously found. To find the previous occurrence, press Shift-Command-G.
  • Command-H: Hide the windows of the front app. To view the front app but hide all other apps, press Option-Command-H.
  • Command-M: Minimize the front window to the Dock. To minimize all windows of the front app, press Option-Command-M.
  • Command-O: Open the selected item, or open a dialog to select a file to open.
  • Command-P: Print the current document.
  • Command-S: Save the current document.
  • Command-T: Open a new tab.
  • Command-W: Close the front window. To close all windows of the app, press Option-Command-W.
  • Option-Command-Esc: Force quit an app.
  • Command–Space bar: Show or hide the Spotlight search field. To perform a Spotlight search from a Finder window, press Command–Option–Space bar. (If you use multiple input sources to type in different languages, these shortcuts change input sources instead of showing Spotlight. Learn how to change a conflicting keyboard shortcut.)
  • Control–Command–Space bar: Show the Character Viewer, from which you can choose emoji and other symbols.
  • Control-Command-F: Use the app in full screen, if supported by the app.
  • Space bar: Use Quick Look to preview the selected item.
  • Command-Tab: Switch to the next most recently used app among your open apps.
  • Shift-Command-5: In macOS Mojave or later, take a screenshot or make a screen recording. Or use Shift-Command-3 or Shift-Command-4 for screenshots. Learn more about screenshots.
  • Shift-Command-N: Create a new folder in the Finder.
  • Command-Comma (,): Open preferences for the front app.

Sleep, log out, and shut down shortcuts

You might need to press and hold some of these shortcuts for slightly longer than other shortcuts. This helps you to avoid using them unintentionally.

  • Power button: Press to turn on your Mac or wake it from sleep. Press and hold for 1.5 seconds to put your Mac to sleep.* Continue holding to force your Mac to turn off.
  • Option–Command–Power button* or Option–Command–Media Eject : Put your Mac to sleep.
  • Control–Shift–Power button* or Control–Shift–Media Eject : Put your displays to sleep.
  • Control–Power button* or Control–Media Eject : Display a dialog asking whether you want to restart, sleep, or shut down.
  • Control–Command–Power button:* Force your Mac to restart, without prompting to save any open and unsaved documents.
  • Control–Command–Media Eject : Quit all apps, then restart your Mac. If any open documents have unsaved changes, you will be asked whether you want to save them.
  • Control–Option–Command–Power button* or Control–Option–Command–Media Eject : Quit all apps, then shut down your Mac. If any open documents have unsaved changes, you will be asked whether you want to save them.
  • Control-Command-Q: Immediately lock your screen.
  • Shift-Command-Q: Log out of your macOS user account. You will be asked to confirm. To log out immediately without confirming, press Option-Shift-Command-Q.

* Does not apply to the Touch ID sensor.

The Struggle Was Real Mac Os Catalina

Finder and system shortcuts

  • Command-D: Duplicate the selected files.
  • Command-E: Eject the selected disk or volume.
  • Command-F: Start a Spotlight search in the Finder window.
  • Command-I: Show the Get Info window for a selected file.
  • Command-R: (1) When an alias is selected in the Finder: show the original file for the selected alias. (2) In some apps, such as Calendar or Safari, refresh or reload the page. (3) In Software Update preferences, check for software updates again.
  • Shift-Command-C: Open the Computer window.
  • Shift-Command-D: Open the desktop folder.
  • Shift-Command-F: Open the Recents window, showing all of the files you viewed or changed recently.
  • Shift-Command-G: Open a Go to Folder window.
  • Shift-Command-H: Open the Home folder of the current macOS user account.
  • Shift-Command-I: Open iCloud Drive.
  • Shift-Command-K: Open the Network window.
  • Option-Command-L: Open the Downloads folder.
  • Shift-Command-N: Create a new folder.
  • Shift-Command-O: Open the Documents folder.
  • Shift-Command-P: Show or hide the Preview pane in Finder windows.
  • Shift-Command-R: Open the AirDrop window.
  • Shift-Command-T: Show or hide the tab bar in Finder windows.
  • Control-Shift-Command-T: Add selected Finder item to the Dock (OS X Mavericks or later)
  • Shift-Command-U: Open the Utilities folder.
  • Option-Command-D: Show or hide the Dock.
  • Control-Command-T: Add the selected item to the sidebar (OS X Mavericks or later).
  • Option-Command-P: Hide or show the path bar in Finder windows.
  • Option-Command-S: Hide or show the Sidebar in Finder windows.
  • Command–Slash (/): Hide or show the status bar in Finder windows.
  • Command-J: Show View Options.
  • Command-K: Open the Connect to Server window.
  • Control-Command-A: Make an alias of the selected item.
  • Command-N: Open a new Finder window.
  • Option-Command-N: Create a new Smart Folder.
  • Command-T: Show or hide the tab bar when a single tab is open in the current Finder window.
  • Option-Command-T: Show or hide the toolbar when a single tab is open in the current Finder window.
  • Option-Command-V: Move the files in the Clipboard from their original location to the current location.
  • Command-Y: Use Quick Look to preview the selected files.
  • Option-Command-Y: View a Quick Look slideshow of the selected files.
  • Command-1: View the items in the Finder window as icons.
  • Command-2: View the items in a Finder window as a list.
  • Command-3: View the items in a Finder window in columns.
  • Command-4: View the items in a Finder window in a gallery.
  • Command–Left Bracket ([): Go to the previous folder.
  • Command–Right Bracket (]): Go to the next folder.
  • Command–Up Arrow: Open the folder that contains the current folder.
  • Command–Control–Up Arrow: Open the folder that contains the current folder in a new window.
  • Command–Down Arrow: Open the selected item.
  • Right Arrow: Open the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
  • Left Arrow: Close the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
  • Command-Delete: Move the selected item to the Trash.
  • Shift-Command-Delete: Empty the Trash.
  • Option-Shift-Command-Delete: Empty the Trash without confirmation dialog.
  • Command–Brightness Down: Turn video mirroring on or off when your Mac is connected to more than one display.
  • Option–Brightness Up: Open Displays preferences. This works with either Brightness key.
  • Control–Brightness Up or Control–Brightness Down: Change the brightness of your external display, if supported by your display.
  • Option–Shift–Brightness Up or Option–Shift–Brightness Down: Adjust the display brightness in smaller steps. Add the Control key to this shortcut to make the adjustment on your external display, if supported by your display.
  • Option–Mission Control: Open Mission Control preferences.
  • Command–Mission Control: Show the desktop.
  • Control–Down Arrow: Show all windows of the front app.
  • Option–Volume Up: Open Sound preferences. This works with any of the volume keys.
  • Option–Shift–Volume Up or Option–Shift–Volume Down: Adjust the sound volume in smaller steps.
  • Option–Keyboard Brightness Up: Open Keyboard preferences. This works with either Keyboard Brightness key.
  • Option–Shift–Keyboard Brightness Up or Option–Shift–Keyboard Brightness Down: Adjust the keyboard brightness in smaller steps.
  • Option key while double-clicking: Open the item in a separate window, then close the original window.
  • Command key while double-clicking: Open a folder in a separate tab or window.
  • Command key while dragging to another volume: Move the dragged item to the other volume, instead of copying it.
  • Option key while dragging: Copy the dragged item. The pointer changes while you drag the item.
  • Option-Command while dragging: Make an alias of the dragged item. The pointer changes while you drag the item.
  • Option-click a disclosure triangle: Open all folders within the selected folder. This works only when in list view.
  • Command-click a window title: See the folders that contain the current folder.
  • Learn how to use Command or Shift to select multiple items in the Finder.
  • Click the Go menu in the Finder menu bar to see shortcuts for opening many commonly used folders, such as Applications, Documents, Downloads, Utilities, and iCloud Drive.

Document shortcuts

The Struggle Was Real Mac Os Download

The behavior of these shortcuts may vary with the app you're using.

The Struggle Was Real Mac Os 7

  • Command-B: Boldface the selected text, or turn boldfacing on or off.
  • Command-I: Italicize the selected text, or turn italics on or off.
  • Command-K: Add a web link.
  • Command-U: Underline the selected text, or turn underlining on or off.
  • Command-T: Show or hide the Fonts window.
  • Command-D: Select the Desktop folder from within an Open dialog or Save dialog.
  • Control-Command-D: Show or hide the definition of the selected word.
  • Shift-Command-Colon (:): Display the Spelling and Grammar window.
  • Command-Semicolon (;): Find misspelled words in the document.
  • Option-Delete: Delete the word to the left of the insertion point.
  • Control-H: Delete the character to the left of the insertion point. Or use Delete.
  • Control-D: Delete the character to the right of the insertion point. Or use Fn-Delete.
  • Fn-Delete: Forward delete on keyboards that don't have a Forward Delete key. Or use Control-D.
  • Control-K: Delete the text between the insertion point and the end of the line or paragraph.
  • Fn–Up Arrow: Page Up: Scroll up one page.
  • Fn–Down Arrow: Page Down: Scroll down one page.
  • Fn–Left Arrow: Home: Scroll to the beginning of a document.
  • Fn–Right Arrow: End: Scroll to the end of a document.
  • Command–Up Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the document.
  • Command–Down Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the document.
  • Command–Left Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the current line.
  • Command–Right Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the current line.
  • Option–Left Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word.
  • Option–Right Arrow: Move the insertion point to the end of the next word.
  • Shift–Command–Up Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the beginning of the document.
  • Shift–Command–Down Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the end of the document.
  • Shift–Command–Left Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the beginning of the current line.
  • Shift–Command–Right Arrow: Select the text between the insertion point and the end of the current line.
  • Shift–Up Arrow: Extend text selection to the nearest character at the same horizontal location on the line above.
  • Shift–Down Arrow: Extend text selection to the nearest character at the same horizontal location on the line below.
  • Shift–Left Arrow: Extend text selection one character to the left.
  • Shift–Right Arrow: Extend text selection one character to the right.
  • Option–Shift–Up Arrow: Extend text selection to the beginning of the current paragraph, then to the beginning of the following paragraph if pressed again.
  • Option–Shift–Down Arrow: Extend text selection to the end of the current paragraph, then to the end of the following paragraph if pressed again.
  • Option–Shift–Left Arrow: Extend text selection to the beginning of the current word, then to the beginning of the following word if pressed again.
  • Option–Shift–Right Arrow: Extend text selection to the end of the current word, then to the end of the following word if pressed again.
  • Control-A: Move to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
  • Control-E: Move to the end of a line or paragraph.
  • Control-F: Move one character forward.
  • Control-B: Move one character backward.
  • Control-L: Center the cursor or selection in the visible area.
  • Control-P: Move up one line.
  • Control-N: Move down one line.
  • Control-O: Insert a new line after the insertion point.
  • Control-T: Swap the character behind the insertion point with the character in front of the insertion point.
  • Command–Left Curly Bracket ({): Left align.
  • Command–Right Curly Bracket (}): Right align.
  • Shift–Command–Vertical bar ( ): Center align.
  • Option-Command-F: Go to the search field.
  • Option-Command-T: Show or hide a toolbar in the app.
  • Option-Command-C: Copy Style: Copy the formatting settings of the selected item to the Clipboard.
  • Option-Command-V: Paste Style: Apply the copied style to the selected item.
  • Option-Shift-Command-V: Paste and Match Style: Apply the style of the surrounding content to the item pasted within that content.
  • Option-Command-I: Show or hide the inspector window.
  • Shift-Command-P: Page setup: Display a window for selecting document settings.
  • Shift-Command-S: Display the Save As dialog, or duplicate the current document.
  • Shift–Command–Minus sign (-): Decrease the size of the selected item.
  • Shift–Command–Plus sign (+): Increase the size of the selected item. Command–Equal sign (=) performs the same function.
  • Shift–Command–Question mark (?): Open the Help menu.

Other shortcuts

For more shortcuts, check the shortcut abbreviations shown in the menus of your apps. Every app can have its own shortcuts, and shortcuts that work in one app might not work in another.

  • Apple Music shortcuts: Choose Help > Keyboard shortcuts from the menu bar in the Music app.
  • Other shortcuts: Choose Apple menu > System Preferences, click Keyboard, then click Shortcuts.

Learn more

  • Create your own shortcuts and resolve conflicts between shortcuts
  • Change the behavior of the function keys or modifier keys