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The country’s capital for economic activity from shipping, industrial, commercial, aquaculture and tourism activities – the Manila Bay – had been in hotspot since the government’s white sand project at the bay.

The Department of Science and Technology-National Research Council of the Philippines, in collaboration with Geological Society of the Philippines (GSP) and University of the Philippines Los Baños School of Environmental Science and Management (SESAM), shed light on the issue of Manila Bay, not only on its beach enrichment, but also in the context of its environmental management through a whole of system approach last September 18, 2020 via a webinar.

Government Manila Bay Rehabilitation efforts

The webinar served its purpose of focusing not only on the beach enrichment aspect but also informed the public on the well-planned environmental management of the Manila Bay through its Rehabilitation Program.

This was supported by Atty. Jonas R. Leones, Undersecretary for Priority Programs, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as he said that the white sand project in some parts of the Manila Bay shoreline is a beach nourishment initiative.

“This is to fast track our compliance to the Supreme Court Mandamus dated December 18, 2008, which directs 13 government agencies to clean up, rehabilitate and preserve Manila Bay, and restore and maintain its water to SB level”, said Undersecretary Leones.

To ease the public’s concern and make them well informed on this government initiatives, Atty. Leones showed the designed geo-engineering interventions to make sure that the white sand will not be easily washed out, contrary to public’s sentiments. To make it more valid, Usec. Leones shared that one resort in the Philippines which used dolomite, the Shangri-La beach front in Cebu, served as a model for the Manila Bay beach nourishment. He added that this aesthetic initiative does not require environment impact studies.

The Manila Bay Rehabilitation Program include clean-up/water quality improvement (phase 1); full rehabilitation and resettlement (phase 2); and protection and sustainment (phase 3). USec Leones also mentioned that the solar-powered Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) which was unveiled last July 30, 2020 along Roxas Boulevard is now operational. The STP is capable of treating 500,000 liters of wastewater per day.

Development of the Manila Bay Sustainable Development Master plan

For big projects as the Manila Bay, experts convened and gathered numerous times to detail and develop the masterplan for the success and sustainability of the project.

Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz, former UPLB Chancellor shows the Manila Bay Sustainable Development Master Plan.

Dr. Rex Victor O. Cruz, former UPLB Chancellor, walked through the participants to the framework for the development of the Manila Bay Sustainable Development Master Plan. He mentioned the importance of institutional set-up options and detailed these options such as strengthening the existing Manila Bay structures, expanding Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) coverage and empowering its Manila Bay Task Force, and creating a new agency or authority similar to the LLDA.

‘Dolomite’ communication fiasco

Lack of transparency, according to Dr. Ma. Stella C. Tirol, Dean, UPLB College of Development Communication, is one of the fiascos that fueled the doubts among the public.

Dr. Tirol detailed how the public is so deranged about the Manila Bay white sand project, which according to her, all started with the communication issues.

These communication issues include inappropriate timing of the project at the height of the pandemic, missing the big picture which created information gaps, thus making more people to speculate.

Also, the unharmonized mouthpieces– the DENR and the Department of Health (DOH) -when they first contradicted each other about the safety of dolomites also added to the issues particularly on the communication issue on the credibility reversal due to the retracted statement of DOH.

In light of these issues, Dean Tirol shared some good communication practices, such as preparing a communication plan, building good relationship with media, reporting positive results/stories/ build champions as advocates, social media training or communication capacity building, and listening to public opinions and complaints.

Geological considerations in Manila Bay coastal management, soil liquefaction

The experts did not set aside the geological considerations for the coastal management of the bay. Dr. Karlo Queaño, Professor at Ateneo de Manila University, stressed that the adaptation and mitigation strategies will need to be reviewed carefully to strengthen flood resilience.

Dr. Karlo Queaño, Professor, Ateneo de Manila University, presents the geological considerations for Manila Bay.

He also added the need for adaptation strategies to protect or enhance the ecosystem and improve future development planning to deter large community displacement and damage to infrastructures.

On the other hand, Dr. Jonathan R. Dungca, Professor, De La Salle University, presented several studies and previous incidences of earthquake-induced soil liquefactions in other countries such as in Japan.

Soil liquefaction, also called earthquake liquefaction, is the ground failure or loss of strength that causes otherwise solid soil to behave temporarily as a viscous liquid. (Britannica)

“A magnitude 5 earthquake can already cause a liquefaction in Manila Bay, since saturated sand deposits are loose,” said Dr. Dungca.

DOST Secretary Fortunato dela Peña also briefly joined the forum to thank the organizers for coming up with such a timely open discussion of the much-talked about Manila Bay rehabilitation.

On the other hand, Dr. Gregorio E.H. del Pilar, NRCP President said that many aspects of the project can be considered, as he posed the question about the maintenance and engineering sustainability in justifying the cost.

USec. Leones said that putting of white sand in some parts of Manila Bay will also address behavioral attitude that will help in cleaning and rehabilitating the bay.

Lastly, Dr. Graciano P. Yumul, former DOST Undersecretary, also stressed that supporting and trusting the government efforts and initiatives are the best we could do as a citizen.

This forum was led by Dr. Carla Dimalanta, President, GSP, Dr. Yumul, Dr. Marieta Banez Sumagaysay, Executive Director, DOST-NRCP, Dr. Edanjarlo Marquez, Chair, NRCP Division of Earth and Space Sciences, and Dr. Decibel F. Eslava, Dean, SESAM, and was attended by more than 1000 participants from different sectors.

The organizers are still open for another discussion to further clarify the environmental issues of the Manila Bay.

ALLURING ALBAY

Albay is a province of the Philippines located in the Bicol Region in Southeastern Luzon Island. The name Bicol first came to be known as the name of the biggest and longest river in the region. The river comes from the outflow of lakes and springs from the provinces of Albay, Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte and form a large stream that exits in the San Miguel Bay, off the shores of Camarines Sur. The people of the region are called Bikolanos and the language is called Bikol.

The citizens of Albay are called Albayanos. Albay is a province composed of 15 municipalities and 3 cities. The capital of the province is Legazpi City. It was named after Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the Spanish conquistador who came to the Philippines in 1565 and started the massive colonization. The country became the colony of Spain for the next 300 years. As a result, the Albayanos became devout Catholics.

The symbol most associated with Albay is the Mayon Volcano, a near perfectly-shaped active volcano, 2,462 meters (8,077 ft.) high, which could be seen throughout its 15 municipalities and 3 cities as well as in the surrounding provinces of Sorsogon, Masbate and Catanduanes.

Albay has a total land area of 2,554.06 square kilometers (986.13 square miles).

TOPOGRAPHY

The province is generally mountainous with scattered fertile plains and valleys. Aside from Mayon Volcano, it has two other major peaks: Mount Masaraga and Mount Malinao.

The western coast of the province is mountainous but not as prominent as the eastern range with the highest elevation at around 490 meters (1,610 ft.). Among these mountains are Mount Catburawan in Ligao and Mount Pantao in Oas & Libon.

HISTORY

Long before the Spaniards arrived in 1569, Albay had a thriving civilization and a rich culture. The land was fertile, lush vegetation covered the plains and the mountains. The earth yielded minerals, including gold.

In July 1569, Luis Enriquez de Guzman, a member of the Spanish expedition led by Legazpi, and the Augustinian Fray Alonso Jimenez landed in the southeastern side of the region, in a town called Gibalong and travelled by land until they reached the town of Camalig, now almost in the heart of Albay and at the foot of Mayon Volcano.

Catholicism was first introduced to the Bikolanos in 1569. The coming of the Franciscans in 1578 started a systematic and sustained process of Catholic conversion.

In 1572, Juan de Salcedo, in search of gold, penetrated the Bicol Peninsula from the north and made it as far south as Libon, establishing the very first settlement called Santiago de Libon. In 1574, the Spanish adventurers in Bikol returned to Manila with over 4,000 ounces of gold. They believed they have found the land of “El Dorado.”

In April 3, 1574 the place called “Baybayon” became an encomienda assigned by Philippine Governor General Guido de Lavezaris to Juan Guerra. This place would later be called “Baybay”, then “Al Baybay” and later shortened to “Albay.”

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The development of Albay was largely the work of Jose Maria Peñaranda, the governor of Albay from 1834 to 1843. His monument stands in a plaza bearing his name in front of the Provincial Capitol.

THE AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD

When the war between Spain and the United States of America broke out in 1898, the sovereignty of the country was transferred to the United States after the Treaty of Paris in 1898. During the Philippine-American War, that followed, the American forces led by Brigadier General William Kobbe, landed in Legazpi, on the beach now called Victory Village, and occupied the province. A civil government was established by the Americans in Albay on April 26, 1901.

General Simeon Ola, with over a thousand men, continued to fight the American forces and was the last to surrender to the Americans in 1903.

Albay, under the American rule, experienced peace and sustained economic progress.

WORLD WAR II

The Philippines got involved in the Second World War through the United States of America. After its attack of Pearl Harbor, Japanese Imperial Forces occupied Legazpi on December 12, 1941. But Bicol guerilla forces continued to resist the Japanese forces until 1945, when the country was liberated by the Allied Forces. The United States granted independence to the Philippines on 4 July 1946 via the Treaty of Manila.

Thus, Albay had been under the influence of the Spanish, American and Japanese colonial forces for 377 years, from 1569 to 1946. Traces of the culture of these colonial periods are preserved to this day and have become interesting places to visit. The native culture of the Albayanos was likewise enriched by the melding of different cultures.

DEMOGRAPHICS

Based on the 2015 census, Albay has a total population of 1,312,309 and a total of 277,127 households which gives Albay an average household size of 4.7.

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LANGUAGES

Bikol is the primary language spoken in Albay. It has many dialects, especially in inner towns. The majority of the Albayanos also understand and could speak English and Filipino. The official documents are mostly in English. Most of the local daily newspapers are in English. About 95 percent of the books and publications in its libraries are in English. About 80 percent of the movies in theaters and television are English and Hollywood movies. Signage in stores and public facilities and restaurant menus are in English. Entertainment centers and service facilities like banks and hospitals, by night or day, are manned by personnel who are fluent in Bikol, Filipino and English, a few could understand Spanish, Chinese, Japanese and Korean.

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ECONOMY

Agriculture is the major industry in Albay, which produces crops like coconut, rice, sugar, and abacá. Handicrafts are the major source of rural income. It continues to provide fairly large share in the small-scale industries of the province. Forestry, cement production and paper-making are other sources of livelihood. Manufacturing abacá products like Manila hemp, hats, bags, mats, and slippers is one of the main sources of income in the rural areas. Fishing is the main livelihood along both shores of the province.

WEATHER

The climate in Albay is tropical and the weather is generally fair throughout the year with moderate rain showers during the second half of the year. A relatively warm and sunny season is experienced from March to July.

In the past, until the late 80s the province used to experience frequent weather disturbances, sometimes experiencing as much as 18 typhoons in one year. This prompted the province to launch a massive disaster mitigation and climate change adaptation program. It was the first in the country and probably in the world to establish a Climate Change Academy.

TRANSPORTATION

By water, Albay is the region’s principal trans-shipment point with its sea ports: Tabaco International Sea Port, Port of Legazpi City, Pio Duran Municipal Port, and the Pantao Port.

By air, the Legazpi Airport is the entry point for most of the travellers going to any province of the region. The airport is also the region’s gateway from Manila and Cebu City in the Visayas. The larger Bicol International Airport is under construction in the municipality of Daraga, west of Legazpi City.

By land, the province is accessible through many highways (460 kilometers) from Manila, and from other parts of the country. The main roads of the province are all well-paved and maintained.

EDUCATION & HEALTH CARE

Education and health are two of the main focus of the provincial government. Compared to other regions, Bicol has the most number of school and medical institutions as a ratio of its population. The provincial government aims for one college graduate for every family. Among its premier institutions are:

BICOL UNIVERSITY (BU) is a state university in Albay. Bicol University offers 80 degree programs with varying number of specializations spread into 18 academic units: Agriculture and Forestry (CAF) in Guinobatan; Education (CE); College of Social Sciences and Philosophy (CSSP); College of Business, Economics and Management (CBEM) in Daraga,; College of Engineering (CENG), College of Industrial Technology (CIT) and Institute of Architecture (IA) in EM’s Barrio, also referred as the East Campus; Polangui Campus (PC) in Polangui, Albay; Tabaco Campus (TC) in Tabaco, Albay; and across the Legazpi main campus are the Graduate School (GS); College of Science (CS); College of Arts and Letters (CAL); College of Nursing (CN); Open University (OU); Institute of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation (IPESR); College of Medicine (CM) and the College of Law (CL).

BICOL REGIONAL TRAINING & TEACHING HOSPITAL (BRTTH): Founded in 1918 by the Americans, it soon became the Albay Provincial Hospital and was turned over by Provincial Government of Albay to the Department of Health later on. It was occupied by the Japanese forces during the war, destroyed by typhoons several times, it was designated in February 1973, as a training and teaching hospital. In 1994 the hospital services were upgraded into a tertiary regional training and teaching hospital to be called Bicol Regional Training and Teaching Hospital. The hospital has the capability for curative, diagnostic and rehabilitative services. It is a venue of quality training of medical and other paramedical personnel. It ventures into scientific researches along lines of prevalent diseases in the region. It adopts a social philosophy of community involvement as part of the hospital’s health advocacy program, focused on the hospital as a center for wellness.

Tourism in Albay has four priority areas:

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ECOTOURISM – highlighting its natural resources and nature formations, such as natural habitats, waterfalls, caves, beaches, and Eco parks. Mountain climbing, rafting and boat rides, flora and fauna interactions are also included here.

CRAFTS AND PRODUCTS – takes the visitors to trade and souvenir centers where the best native products are displayed and are sold, including abaca handcrafted products, pottery, woven fabrics, cutlery, precious and semiprecious stones, and art products.

ECO-NAUTICAL – which includes areas with marine and dive adventures, nautical and cruise trips and the coastal beaches around Albay.

HERITAGE – takes the tourist down history lane, where the heritage of our colonial past are highlighted, including museums, cultural centers, colonial houses, churches, monuments, tunnels and other man-made structures.

Of course there are the usual cultural attractions such as the Festivals, the theme parks, the shopping complexes, recreation and amusement centers, mountains and resorts.